Síndrome de Burnout en residentes y posgrados de Neonatología en un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel. Análisis situacional y seguimiento, período 2021 - 2023

Introducción: los residentes y posgrados son un eslabón central en los servicios hospitalarios. El síndrome de Burnout se define como el agotamiento físico y emocional resultado de la exposición crónica al estrés en el ámbito laboral. El Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) es un instrumento diseñado y validado para evaluarlo. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout en nuestro servicio y compararla entre los estudiantes de distintas generaciones para luego poner en marcha mecanismos que permitan realizar seguimiento, detección temprana e identificación de factores modificables. Material y método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, observacional, desarrollado en abril de 2021 a través de la realización del test MBI-HSS para el diagnóstico de situación. Este estudio continuará con una segunda etapa que consta de la aplicación del test cada cuatro meses, la cual no desarrollaremos en el presente trabajo. La población objetivo la constituyen todos los residentes y posgrados de la especialidad de Neonatología en un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel. Se aplicó el cuestionario MBI-HSS y un cuestionario general para caracterizar a la población. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 22 participantes, de los cuales 13 presentaron puntajes altos de agotamiento emocional, 9 obtuvieron un valor alterado de despersonalización y 9 presentaron puntajes bajos de realización personal. Seis participantes (27%) presentaron puntajes alterados para las tres variables. Conclusiones: se evidenció una alta prevalencia de Burnout, el 27% en la población total. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los ítems despersonalización y realización personal entre los distintos años de la especialidad, con mayor puntaje de despersonalización y menor puntaje de realización personal en los de segundo y tercer año. Esto constituye un elemento de alarma que exige la modificación inmediata del funcionamiento y de las actividades.

Introduction: Residents and postgraduates are a fundamental part of hospital services. Burnout Syndrome is defined as physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to stress in the workplace. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) is an instrument designed and validated to evaluate it. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in our service and to compare it among students of different generations to then implement mechanisms that allow monitoring, early detection and identification of modifiable factors. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study carried out in April 2021 through the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) test to carry out a diagnosis of the situation. This study will continue with a 2nd stage consisting of the application of the test every 4 months, which we will not develop in this work. The target population is all residents and postgraduates in the neonatology specialty at a tertiary level hospital. The MBI-HSS questionnaire and a general questionnaire were applied to characterize the population. Results: A total of 22 participants were included, of which 13 presented high scores of emotional exhaustion, 9 obtained an altered value of depersonalization and 9 presented low scores of personal fulfillment. Six participants, 27%, presented altered scores for the three variables. Conclusions: A high prevalence of Burnout was evidenced, being 27% in the total population. Statistically significant differences were found for the items "depersonalization" and "personal fulfillment" between the different years of the specialty, with higher depersonalization scores and lower personal fulfillment scores in the second and third years. This constitutes an alarm element, which requires immediate modification of the operation and activities.

Introdução: Residentes e pós-graduandos constituem um elo central nos serviços hospitalares. A Síndrome de Burnout é definida como exaustão física e emocional resultante da exposição crônica ao estresse no ambiente de trabalho. O Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) é um instrumento elaborado e validado para avaliá-lo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout no Serviço de Neonatologia do Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossel e compará-la entre estudantes de diferentes gerações para então implementar mecanismos que permitam monitoramento, detecção precoce e identificação de fatores modificáveis. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, observacional realizado em abril de 2021 por meio do teste Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) para diagnóstico da situação. Este estudo continuará com uma 2ª etapa que consiste na aplicação do teste a cada 4 meses, que não desenvolveremos neste trabalho. A população-alvo são todos os residentes e pós-graduandos da especialidade de neonatologia de um hospital de nível terciário. O questionário MBI-HSS e um questionário geral foram aplicados para caracterizar a população. Resultados: Foram incluídos 22 participantes, dos quais 13 apresentaram escores elevados de exaustão emocional, 9 obtiveram valor alterado de despersonalização e 9 apresentaram escores baixos de realização pessoal. Seis participantes, 27%, apresentaram escores alterados nas três variáveis. Conclusões: Evidenciou-se uma alta prevalência de Burnout de 27% na população total. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos itens "despersonalização" e "realização pessoal" entre os diferentes anos da especialidade, com maiores pontuações de despersonalização e menores pontuações de realização pessoal no segundo e terceiro anos. Isto constitui um elemento de alarme, que requer modificação imediata do funcionamento e das atividades.

How common is burnout? Are there protective factors? A study from a tertiary cancer center

Background: Heathcare professionals (HCPs) in the field of oncology face challenging clinical situations, difficult conversations, and death. This can seriously affect their physical and psychological health. Methods: One hundred and eighty doctors and nurses participated in this descriptive study. The primary objective was to determine the proportion of burnout in HCPs in a tertiary care cancer hospital. The secondary objectives included assessment of psychological morbidity, correlation of burnout with demographic factors and years of experience, and resilience and its correlation with burnout. Data were collected using Maslach Burnout Inventory, General Health Questionnaire� (GHQ-28), and a Resilience scale (Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi and Dr. Shruti Narain). Descriptive statistics correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: One hundred and twenty-six (70%) respondents were young adults. Thirty-two (17.78%) respondents had a high Emotional Exhaustion (EE) score. A high Depersonalization score (DP) was seen in 24 (13.33%) and a low sense of Personal Accomplishment (PA) was perceived by 22 (12.22%). More nurses (55, 52.4%) had high resilience scores compared with doctors (21, 28%). Doctors (21, 28%) experienced more psychological morbidity than nurses (15, 14%). Among the domains of GHQ-28, high scores were observed in Somatic, Anxiety/Insomnia, and Social Dysfunction (mean 4.44 � 3.92, 4.61 � 3.85, and 4.54 � 3.16, respectively) and low scores in the severe depression domain (mean 2.48/�29). Conclusion: Fifteen to eighteen percent of HCPs scored high levels of EE, DP, and low PA. Burnout was more common in doctors who had worked in the cancer center for longer. However, the converse was true for nurses. HCPs with high resilience scores had less burnout. Age and resilience protect from burnout.

Problems and improvement suggestions for job burnout measurement tools and their application / 环境与职业医学

Job burnout is a hot topic in occupational health psychology research at home and abroad. This paper reviewed the concept and development of job burnout, introduced the common tools measuring job burnout, indicated the problems reported in the measurement tools of job burnout, proposed suggestions on the introduction, translation, development and use of burnout measurement tools, summarized the new trend of research on job burnout abroad, and prospected the future research work of job burnout in China.

Prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de medicina / Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in medical students

Introducción: El síndrome de burnout puede afectar a los estudiantes de manera similar que a los profesionales formales. Además del cansancio emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal, se añade un cuarto componente en el contexto estudiantil: la emoción negativa frente al aprendizaje. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia del síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), en Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, comparativo de 90 estudiantes, durante el semestre comprendido entre octubre de 2017 y marzo de 2018. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, estado civil, número de hijos, vivienda compartida, trabajo extraacadémico y las dimensiones de la escala para la clasificación del síndrome de burnout: Agotamiento emocional, Despersonalización y Realización personal, según los criterios del Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusiones: El mayor nivel de síndrome de burnout fue el moderado, seguido del severo. Hubo una mayor frecuencia de estudiantes mujeres afectadas y con categoría de burnout moderado. Incluso a un nivel leve ya apareció agotamiento emocional y despersonalización entre los estudiantes. En cambio, la dimensión Realización personal del síndrome apareció en el nivel severo. Los estudiantes que tuvieron trabajo extraacadémico presentaron una prevalencia alta del síndrome de burnout(AU)

Introduction: Burnout syndrome can affect students in a similar way as formal professionals. In addition to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal fulfillment, a fourth component is added in the student context: negative emotion in the face of learning. Objective: To determine the presence of burnout syndrome in students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes (UNIANDES), in Ecuador. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study of 90 students was carried out during the semester between October 2017 and March 2018. The variables age, sex, marital status, number of children, shared housing, extra-academic work and the dimensions of the scale for the classification of burnout syndrome: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment, according to the criteria of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusions: The highest level of burnout syndrome was moderate, followed by severe. There was a higher frequency of affected female students with a moderate burnout category. Even at a slight level, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization have already appeared among the students. Instead, the Personal Realization dimension of the syndrome appeared at the severe level. Students who had extra-academic work had a high prevalence of burnout syndrome(AU)

Prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de empresa termoeléctrica, Choloma, Honduras. Diciembre 2019 / Prevalence of Burnout syndrome in thermoelectric company workers, Choloma, Honduras. December 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de empresa termoeléctrica en Choloma, Honduras, diciembre 2019. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en empresa termoeléctrica, Choloma, Honduras, con una muestra a conveniencia de 35 trabajadores del departamento de Mantenimiento Mecánico Motores, tomando en cuenta los criterios de inclusión, utilizando un cuestionario que incluyó los elementos sociolaborales y los componentes del Maslach Burnout Inventory- General Survey. Resultados: La prevalencia de síndrome de burnout obtenida al aplicar la Escala de Maslach Burnout Inventory en los trabajadores técnicos de empresa termoeléctrica es de 14% (5); con puntuaciones altas en las dimensiones de agotamiento emocional y cinismo/despersonalización y puntuaciones bajas en eficacia profesional. De los trabajadores encuestados, un 29% (10) se encuentra en riesgo moderado, pues presentan niveles altos en las dimensiones agotamiento o cinismo/despersonalización, o baja en eficacia profesional. El 43% (15) se encuentra en riesgo leve, debido a que puntuaron medio en 1 o 2 dimensiones. Conclusiones: A pesar de que la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout definido es baja, es importante resaltar que existe un porcentaje considerablemente alto de trabajadores en riesgo de desarrollar síndrome de burnout. Además, se evidencia que los trabajadores con Síndrome de Burnout oscilan entre los 20 y los 39 años, siendo la población más joven afectada por el síndrome de burnout. Palabras clave: Síndrome de burnout, síndrome de quemado, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General survey, Personal Técnico, empresa termoeléctrica, MBI-GS

Burnout Among Catholic Priests in Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Padres católicos experimentam uma infinidade de estressores em seu trabalho pastoral, enfrentam inúmeras demandas e irrealistas expectativas, estão sob constante escrutínio e cercados por uma cultura cada vez mais secular e aparentemente menos solidária. Consequentemente, padres podem experimentar níveis significativos de burnout, que é caracterizada como uma síndrome resultante de respostas inadequadas ao estresse emocional crônico. O objetivo desta pesquisa de natureza transversal foi investigar a prevalência de burnout entre clero católico no Brasil e fatores associados a esta síndrome nesta população. Os participantes (N = 242), selecionados aleatoriamente entre o clero católico no Brasil, responderam o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), um questionário sociodemográfico e diversos itens para avaliar variáveis psicossociais e espirituais. Os resultados indicam que aproximadamente um terço dos padres no Brasil experimentam de moderados a altos níveis de burnout. Padres mais novos relataram níveis mais altos de burnout. Satisfação profissional, apoio social, autocuidado e práticas espirituais se correlacionaram significativamente com níveis mais baixos de burnout. Em consonância com a literatura sobre o burnout do clero, estes achados sugerem que esses fatores podem ter um efeito protetivo contra o burnout entre os padres. Em conclusão, há um significativo número de padres no Brasil sentindo-se sobrecarregados e experimentando níveis clinicamente significativos de burnout. Esse é um problema que deve ser levado a sério e que requer atenção imediata.

Catholic priests experience a myriad of stressors in their pastoral work, face countless demands and unrealistic expectations, are under constant scrutiny, and are surrounded by a culture that is increasingly secular and apparently less supportive. Consequently, priests may experience significant levels of burnout, which is characterized as a syndrome resulted from inadequate responses to chronic emotional stress. The purpose of this cross-sectional research was to investigate the rates of burnout among Catholic clergy in Brazil and associated factors. Randomly selected Catholic priests in Brazil (N = 242) were given the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a sociodemographic questionnaire, and several survey items to assess psychosocial and spiritual variables. Results indicated that approximately one third of priests in Brazil experience moderate to high burnout rates. Younger priests reported higher levels of burnout. Vocational satisfaction, social support, self-care, and spiritual practices were significantly correlated to lower levels of burnout. In consistency with the literature on clergy burnout, these findings suggest that these factors may have a buffering effect on burnout among priests. In conclusion, there is a significant number of priests in Brazil feeling overwhelmed and experiencing clinically significant burnout levels. This is a problem that has to be taken seriously and requires immediate attention.

Síndrome de desgaste profesional en médicos del Hospital Docente Pediátrico Cerro / Professional Burnout Syndrome in doctors of the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro

Introducción: El Síndrome de desgaste profesional o burnout constituye una respuesta al estrés laboral crónico, que se origina al fracasar las estrategias que emplean las personas para tratar estas situaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia del Síndrome de desgaste profesional y el comportamiento de sus tres componentes, en médicos del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Cerro. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en una muestra de 45 médicos que laboraron en durante el mes de marzo de 2017, de un universo de 65 profesionales. Se empleó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventor. Se clasificaron como Síndrome de desgaste profesional cuando las tres secciones estaban con cifras elevadas. Los sujetos que en tres de ellas mostraron grados bajos fueron clasificados como no propensos los que alcanzaron tener en alguna división un grado medio se consideraron propenso en forma moderada; los que mostraron un grado alto y los otros grupos media y baja, fueron valorados como altamente propenso a presentar el citado síndrome. Se utilizaron proporciones simples y las medidas de tendencia central para el análisis. Resultados: Se obtuvo 100 por ciento de respuestas, 6,7 por ciento de los evaluados presentó el Síndrome de desgaste profesional, 31,1 por ciento se evaluó como no propenso. El resto de la población se mostró en 26,6 por ciento moderadamente propenso y 35,5 por ciento altamente propenso. Conclusiones: Es importante considerar y evaluar la existencia de este síndrome que aunque muestra una baja frecuencia, expresa gran peligro potencial, a desarrollar el mismo, en más de la mitad de la población estudiada(AU)

Introduction: Professional Burnout Syndrome is a response to chronic work stress, which results from the failure of the strategies to treat these situations. Objective: To determine the frequency of Professional Burnout Syndrome and the behaviour of its three components in the doctors of the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro. Material and method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 45 doctors from a universe of 65 professionals who worked during the month of March 2018. Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) was used. They were classified as presenting Professional Burnout Syndrome when the three sections had very high figures. The individuals that demonstrated to have low degrees were classified as not prone to the syndrome; those that reached an average degree in some dimension were considered moderately prone; the ones that showed a high degree as well as other groups with average and low degrees were assessed as highly prone to presenting the aforementioned syndrome. Simple proportions and central tendency measures were used for the analysis. Results: A 100 of answers were obtained; 6.7 percent of those evaluated presented Professional Burnout Syndrome; 31.1 percent were evaluated as not prone. The rest of the population showed to be moderately prone (26.6 percent) and a 35.5 percent was considered highly prone. Conclusions: It is important to take into account and evaluate the existence of this syndrome which, although it demonstrates to have a low frequency, it shows a great potential danger of developing the syndrome in more than half of the population studied(AU)

A study on the characteristics of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) of workers in one electronics company

BACKGROUND: This study investigated characteristics according to demographic, occupational factors of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and related scales to MBI-GS. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 3,331 workers in 3 different workplaces of one electronics company. They filled in demographic factors surveys, occupational factors surveys, MBI-GS, Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). The correlations between sub-scales of MBI-GS and KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, WHOQOL-BREF were analyzed respectively. And KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, and WHOQOL-BREF were categorized; mean scores of sub-scales of MBI-GS were compared; and the quartiles of sub-scales of MBI-GS were presented. RESULTS: A comparison of mean scores of MBI-GS according to demographic and occupational factors showed a significant difference according to age, problem drinking behavior, working time, and working duration in exhaustion regardless of sex. In professional efficacy, a significant difference was observed in age, marital status, working type, and working duration. And as a result of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between exhaustion and PHQ-9 was the highest regardless of sex. In addition, regardless of sex, exhaustion and cynicism scores tended to increase and professional efficacy score tended to decrease as the work stress level rose. Same tendency is shown in case of the more severe the symptom of depression and the lower quality of life. When the quartile for sub-scales' score of MBI-GS were investigated, the burnout was more pronounced in female than in male. CONCLUSIONS: Many demographic and occupational factors affect burnout were identified in one electronics company, and we investigated which sub-scales of MBI-GS were affected. Through this study, burnout characteristics were identified in a few population group of Korea, and the results are expected to be useful for burnout risk group identification, counseling, etc.

Factors Associated with Emotional Exhaustion in South Korean Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between emotional exhaustion and selected sociodemographic and psychological factors among nurses in inpatient and outpatient nursing units at a university hospital in South Korea. METHODS: The participants were 386 nurses who completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a measure of emotional exhaustion. Psychological characteristics were evaluated, including hardiness, self-esteem, experience of trauma, resilience, perceived stress, and social support. Correlation analyses examined the relationships between emotional exhaustion with sociodemographic, occupational, and psychological characteristics. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between emotional exhaustion and the assessed characteristics. RESULTS: Higher emotional exhaustion scores were associated with greater depression, anxiety, traumatic experience, and perceived stress. Exhaustion was inversely associated with hardiness, self-esteem, resilience, and quality of life. The regression analysis indicated that gender, marriage, resilience, depression, perceived stress, and secondary traumatic stress were significantly associated with emotional exhaustion. CONCLUSION: This study showed that psychological characteristics, such as resilience, depression, and secondary traumatic experiences, may cause emotional exhaustion. Understanding the needs of people with distinct demographic and psychological characteristics offers valuable direction for the development of intervention programs to prevent burnout among nurses.

Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in staff of juvenile facilities: Differences according to their socio-labour context / Prevalência da síndrome de Burnout em pessoal de centros de menores: diferenças segundo seu contexto socioprofissional / Prevalência del síndrome de Burnout en personal de centros de menores: diferencias según su contexto sociolaboral

Abstract This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of burnout and its three components (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and lack of self-fulfilment) in the staff of juvenile facilities in Spain, and to analyze the predictive capacity of various epidemiological and occupational factors regarding the likelihood of suffering the aforementioned syndrome. For this end, a quantitative cross-sectional research was carried out with a sample of 160 professionals by means of an ad hoc questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The burnout results in juvenile facilities show an average impact of emotional exhaustion (40%) and self-fulfilment (41.2%) and a low depersonalisation (55.6%). Likewise, it is confirmed that the location and the age of the centre are significant sources of variation in emotional exhaustion, as well as gender is in depersonalisation, and profession in self-fulfilment. In conclusion, the greatest predisposition to suffer Burnout occurs in unmarried women aged between 34 and 43, with little work experience, permanent contract and working as social educators or social workers in alternate shifts (morning or afternoon) in urban centres.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da síndrome de burnout e de seus três componentes (esgotamento emocional, despersonalização e falta de realização pessoal) no pessoal de alguns centros de menores na Espanha e analisar a capacidade preditiva de diversos fatores epidemiológicos e profissionais sobre a probabilidade de padecer dessa síndrome. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa de corte transversal numa amostra de 160 profissionais mediante a aplicação de um questionário elaborado ad hoc e do Maslach Burnout Inventory. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma incidência média em esgotamento emocional (40%) e realização pessoal (41,2%), e uma baixa despersonalização (55,6%) no burnout de profissionais de centros de menores. Além disso, confirma-se que a localização do centro e a antiguidade são fontes significativas de variação no esgotamento emocional, bem como o sexo na despersonalização, e a profissão na realização pessoal. Em conclusão, a maior pré-disposição a sofrer burnout é produzida em mulheres solteiras, com idade entre 34 e 43 anos, com pouca experiência profissional, contrato fixo e que trabalham como educadoras ou trabalhadoras sociais em períodos alternados (manhã ou tarde) dos centros localizados em centros urbanos.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout y de sus tres componentes (agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y falta de realización personal) en el personal de algunos centros de menores en España y analizar la capacidad predictiva de diversos factores epidemiológicos y laborales sobre la probabilidad de padecer dicho síndrome. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una investigación cuantitativa de corte transversal en una muestra de 160 profesionales mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc y el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una incidencia media en agotamiento emocional (40 %) y realización personal (41.2 %), y una baja despersonalización (55.6 %) en el burnout de profesionales de centros de menores. Asimismo, se confirma que la ubicación del centro y la antigüedad son fuentes significativas de variación en el agotamiento emocional, así como el sexo en la despersonalización, y la profesión en la realización personal. En conclusión, la mayor predisposición a sufrir burnout se produce en mujeres solteras y con edades entre los 34 y 43 años, con poca experiencia laboral, contrato fijo, y que trabajan como educadoras o trabajadoras sociales en turnos alternos (mañana o tarde) de los centros ubicados en cascos urbanos.

Universalidad del constructo del Maslach Burnout Inventory en un contexto latinoamericano / Universality of the construct Maslach Burnout Inventory in a Latin American context

Resumen El uso universal del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), y sus versiones, ha creado un marco de inferencias polémicas sobre el cimiento anglosajón del MBI. El estudio analiza la universalidad del constructo de burnout del MBI en un contexto latinoamericano, examinando su validez, mediante análisis factorial exploratorio, confirmatorio y de fiabilidad. Un total de 505 docentes nicaragüenses participaron en el estudio. El 41% de los ítems no superaron las cargas factoriales. El mayor cuestionamiento acopia las inferencias de las dimensiones Despersonalización y Realización personal, apuntando a la probable falta de correspondencia cultural del constructo. El Agotamiento emocional resultó consistente y con la fiabilidad aceptable. El modelo del análisis factorial confirmatorio con el mejor ajuste mostró que el burnout puede ser interpretado como parte de una sola variable latente. Se concluyó que el constructo del MBI, tal como se plantea, no muestra suficiente peso para asumir su universalidad entre culturas heterogéneas. Las inconsistencias encontradas en la Despersonalización y la Realización personal dan indicios que se trata de un fenómeno específico ligado a contextos culturales determinados.

Abstract The universal use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and its versions has created a framework of controversial inferences about the MBI's Anglo-Saxon foundation. The study analyzes the universality of the MBI burnout construct in a Latin American context, examining its validity, through exploratory, confirmatory factor analysis plus reliability; 505 Nicaraguan teachers participated in the study; 41% of the items did not surpass the factorial loads. The major inquiring points out to the inferences of the Depersonalization and Emotional exhaustion was consistent and with acceptable reliability. The model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis with the best fit showed that burnout can be interpreted as part of a single latent variable. It was concluded that the MBI construct, as proposed, does not show enough weight to assume its universality among heterogeneous cultures. The inconsistencies found in Depersonalization and Personal Realization give indications that it is a specific phenomenon linked to particular cultural contexts.

Validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey en ocho países Latinoamericanos / Factorial Validity of the Maslach-Burnout Inventory-General Survey in eight countries of Latin America

Objetivo: hoy es claro que el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo no está necesariamente restringido a los profesionales de los servicios humanos y el uso del MBI-HSS sería inadecuado para aquellos trabajadores cuya función laboral esencial no está en el servicio a otras personas. Lo que llevó a la creación de un instrumento especial para trabajadores que no están en servicios humanos: el MBI-GS. En Latinoamérica son numerosos los estudios con MBI-HSS, pero el uso del MBI-GS aún no se ha extendido; es de esperarse que a corto plazo lo haga y por ello es relevante contar con estudios de validación instrumental en esta región. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, con una muestra aleatoria no representativa de la Población Económicamente Activa en 8 países latinoamericanos. Participaron 2470 trabajadores no asistenciales, pertenecientes al sector de la economía formal, con al menos un año de antigüedad laboral. Resultados: Los factores extraídos no coincidieron con el modelo trifactorial de la escala, los ítems de agotamiento emocional y cinismo se agrupan en el primer factor, excepto el ítem 8, que pertenece a cinismo y aparece en el tercer factor, pero con la menor carga factorial (0,362); en el factor 2 se agrupan correctamente los ítems de eficacia profesional. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró que el instrumento explica el 53,85% de la varianza total con un alpha de cronbach de 0,75. Conclusiones: se recomienda hacer mayores análisis en la línea de autores que aseguran que el síndrome de burnout se compone tan sólo de dos dimensiones; y utilizar el instrumento como tres escalas de manera independiente y no usar el puntaje total MBI.

Objective: Nowadays it is clear that the syndrome of being burned at work is not necessarily restricted to professionals in the human services and the use of the MBI-HSS would be inappropriate for those workers whose essential job function is not in service to others persons. This is what led to the creation and use of the MBI-GS. In Latin America, there are numerous studies with MBI-HSS, although the use of the MBI-GS has not yet being spread, it is expected that in the short term it will do so, and it is therefore relevant to count with studies of instrumental validation in this domain. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study, with a random sample unrepresentative of the Economically Active Population in 8 Latin American countries. 2470 workers with no one human service participated; they belonged to the sector of the formal economy, with at least one year of seniority. Results: The extracted factors do not coincided with the threefactor model of the scale, the items of emotional exhaustion and cynicism are grouped in the first factor, except the item 8, which belongs to cynicism and it appears in the third factor but with the lower factor load (0,362); in factor 2 the professional efficacy items are grouped correctly. The analysis of the exploratory factor showed that the instrument explains the 53,85% of the total variance with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0,75. Conclusions: It is recommended to do further analysis in the line of authors that ensure that the burnout syndrome consists only of two dimensions; and use the instrument as three scales in an independent way and do not use the total score MBI.

Valoración de las Subescalas de Maslach Burnout Inventory en Personal de Enfermería

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout y su relación con factores sociodemográficos y laborales en personal de enfermería del Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS) entre noviembre del 2010 a enero del 2011. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal y para la medición del síndrome de Burnout se utilizó el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Participaron 106 personas con una edad media ± DE de 31 ± 7 años. Los valores promedios ± desvío estándar obtenidos en las distintas subescalas del MBI fueron en cansancio emocional 25,9 ± 13,6; despersonalización 10,8 ± 7,4; y realización personal 34,0 ± 9,1. La prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout fue del 18,9%, que estuvo asociado a mayor edad y a mayor número de pacientes que atiende. Se recomienda implementar estrategias de prevención del Burnout para un mejor desempeño del personal de enfermería del IPS.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome and its relationship to work and socio-demographic factors in the nursing personnel of general medicine area at the Central Hospital of the Social Security Institute. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the Maslach Burnout Inventory to determine the presence of burnout. A total of 106 individuals participated in the study with a mean age ± SD of 31 ± 7 years. The mean values ± standard deviation for the MBI subscales were as follows: 25.9 ± 13.6 for emotional exhaustion, 10.8 ± 7.4 for depersonalization, and 34.0 ± 9.1 for personal accomplishment. The prevalence of burnout syndrome was 18.9%, which was associated with age older than 30 years and higher number of patients under their care. Implementation of burnout prevention strategies for better performance of nursing staff of IPS is recommended.

The prevalence of burnout and the related factors among some medical students in Korea / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the prevalence of burnout and its related factors in medical students in Korea. METHODS: All available medical students in the metropolitan city of Daejeon, Korea, were asked to answer self-administered questionnaires from July 1 to July 26 in 2013. A total of 534 medical students participated. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and structured questionnaires on related factors were used. Confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to verify the applicability of the MBI-SS to medical students in Korea. We also performed chi-square test and logistic regression analysis to identify the factors that were associated with burnout. RESULTS: The MBI-SS was reliable and valid in measuring burnout in Korean medical students. Our confirmatory factor analysis approved and explained the appropriateness of the model fit. The prevalence of burnout among medical students was 26.4% (n=141). Such rates were higher in students who were female, experienced greater levels of depression, had poor academic performance, feared dropping out, and were stressed by the poor quality of the class facilities. CONCLUSION: The MBI-SS is a valid instrument to measure academic burnout in Korean medical students. Further studies should be performed, because improvements in the mental health of medical students will benefit these doctors-to-be and their future patients.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial y burnout en población económicamente activa de Lima, Perú / Psychosocial risk factors and burnout in economically active population of lima, Peru

El estudio de los factores de riesgo psicosocial recobra mayor relevancia ante las dinámicas impuestas por las economías globalizadas que generan entornos competitivos, aumentando las exigencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales de los trabajadores, quienes manifiestan diversas respuestas como el estrés laboral crónico también conocido como burnout o Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (SQT). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del burnout y su relación con la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosocial laborales, percibidos como negativos en trabajadores de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA) de Lima, Perú. Se encuestaron 339 trabajadores con la aplicación del Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS)¹, instrumento en su nueva versión, y la escala de Factores Psicosociales en el Trabajo², encontrándose prevalencia de burnout muy alto en la dimensión desgaste emocional o agotamiento (6,22%), asociado con 4 diferentes factores de riesgo psicosocial. El mayor factor de riesgo lo representan las exigencias laborales (p<0,004) y (OR= 6,979) con la dimensión cinismo de burnout; lo anterior deja de manifiesto que ante las exigencias laborales, los trabajadores expresan actitudes cínicas como mecanismo de defensa, por lo que se concluye que la prevalencia del burnout se relaciona significativamente con los factores de riesgo psicosocial, de ahí que las organizaciones deben prestar especial atención en estos factores.

The study of psychosocial risk factors regains more relevance to the dynamics imposed by globalized economies that generate competitive environments, increasing the physical, psychological and social needs of workers who manifest different answers as chronic job stress also known as Burnout or Syndrome of burning for Work (SQT). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with the presence of occupational psychosocial risk factors, perceived as negative in workers of the Economically Active Population (EAP) in Lima, Peru. 339 workers were surveyed with the implementation of Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS)¹, instrument in its new version, and the scale of Psychosocial Factors in Work², finding high prevalence of burnout in the dimension emotional exhaustion (6,22% ), associated with 4 different psychosocial risk factors, the biggest risk factor is represented by work demands (p <0,004) and (OR = 6,979) with the cynicism of burnout dimension, the previous makes it clear that with work demands, workers expressed cynicism as a defense mechanism, so it is concluded that the prevalence of burnout was significantly related to psychosocial risk factors, hence that organizations should pay special attention to these factors.

Validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) en profesionales chilenos / Factorial Validity of Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) in Chilean Professionals

Este estudio explora la validez factorial de una adaptación al castellano del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) en una muestra de 957 profesionales de servicios chilenos de diferentes unidades laborales. Se investigó la fiabilidad del MBI y su estructura factorial. Tanto los análisis factoriales exploratorios como los confirmatorios indican que el modelo original de tres factores del MBI muestra un buen ajuste a los datos, al igual que el valor del error de aproximación cuadrático medio (RMSEA, por sus siglas en inglés), aunque los ítems 12, 13, 14, 20 y 21 presentaron un comportamiento inadecuado en la matriz factorial resultante, por lo que se eliminaron. La consistencia interna de las dimensiones del inventario fue aceptable, aunque Despersonalización fue relativamente baja. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, el cuestionario se puede considerar válido y fiable en la versión adaptada al español.

The present study tested the factorial validity of an adjustment to the Spanish language of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of 957 professionals of Chilean services of different labour units. The reliability and factor structure of the MBI were investigated. Exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis indicated that the original three-factor model of the MBI fit well with both the data and the Root Mean Standar Error of Aproximation (RMSEA) value, although the items 12, 13, 14, 20 and 21 presented an inadequate behavior in the original factorial resultant, so they were eliminated. The internal consistency of the dimensions of the inventory was acceptable, although the Depersonalization subscale was relatively low. So far, the results obtained show that the questionnaire appears to be valid and reliable in the version adapted to the Spanish language.

Síndrome de burnout en el equipo de salud de una unidad de cuidados intensivos, Concepción / Burnout syndrome in the healthcare team of an intensive care unit

Introducción: Las organizaciones sanitarias son entidadespredisponentes para el desarrollo del síndrome de Burnout. Este hasido descrito como una respuesta al estrés laboral crónico integradopor actitudes y sentimientos negativos hacia las personas y el rolprofesional. Hecho relevante, debido al contacto mantenido delequipo de salud con pacientes y familias enfrentadas a situacionesde riesgo vital. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del síndromede Burnout en el equipo de salud de la Unidad de CuidadosIntensivos del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo relacional con un muestreoaleatorio simple, correspondiente al 88% del total de funcionariospertenecientes a la unidad de cuidados intensivos médico quirúrgicosdel Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente. Se aplicó un cuestionariode antecedentes sociodemográficos y el cuestionario MaslachBurnout Inventory que midió el desgaste profesional producto delestrés laboral crónico y los tres aspectos del síndrome de Burnout,que corresponden a cansancio emocional, despersonalización yrealización profesional. Resultados: La muestra la constituyeron82 funcionarios de la unidad de todos los estamentos clínicos, sedestaca una edad media de 34±10,8 años, con una antigüedadEnfermeras Clínicas Unidad Cuidados Intensivos Médico-Quirúrgicos,Hospital Clínico Regional Dr. Guillermo Grant ConcepciónCorrespondencia: Pía Molina Chailán. Hospital Clínico Regional Dr.Guillermo Grant, Concepción. San Martín 1436. E-mail: piamabel@gmail.comen el servicio de 8,5 ±9,2 años. El 89% trabaja en sistema deturnos, el puntaje Maslach fue de 60 puntos promedio, tanto lasubescala cansancio emocional y despersonalización presentaron bajonivel, y un alto nivel de realización personal (45,1%)...

Introduction: Healthcare organizations are entities predisposing to the development of burnout syndrome, described as a chronic job stress response composed negative attitudes and feelings towards people and the professional role. Significant fact because, healthcare team has a very close contact with the patients and families facing life-threatening situations. Objective: Determinate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in the healthcare team of the Intensive Care Unit Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital, Concepción. Methodology: A descriptive relational study with simple random sampling, corresponding to 88 percent of all workers belonging to the ICU. Applied a questionnaire of sociodemographic background and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) that measured the three aspects of burnout syndrome, which correspond to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Results: The sample was made with 82 ICU workers. Clinical highlights, a mean age of 34 +/- 10.8 years, with a length of service of 8.5 +/- 9.2 years, 89 percent work in shift system, the average total score was 60 points MBI; emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscale demonstrated low levels, and a high level of personal accomplishment (45.1 percent)...

Prevalencia del síndrome de desgaste en médicos residentes costarricenses / Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in Costarican Physician Residents

Justificación y objetivo: determinar las características sociodemográficas del síndrome de desgaste en médicos residentes en Costa Rica durante el 2007 y validar localmente la escala de Maslach. Metodología: investigación aplicada, descriptiva y de corte transversal, en la que participaron 121 sujetos que cursaban primer y tercer año de las siguientes especialidades que imparte el CENDEISSS: anestesiología y recuperación, especialidades médicas y quirúrgicas, ginecología y obstetricia, pediatría y psiquiatría. Se aplicó el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (versión validada en español) y una ficha de datos sociodemográfica que incluía especialidad médica, sede de residencia, sexo, estado civil, número de hijos, edad de los participantes, frecuencia mensual de guardias y año cursado de residencia. Resultados: El análisis final detectó alto agotamiento emocional en mujeres y en residentes de pediatría; bajo agotamiento emocional en quienes realizan en promedio 4 guardias por mes y en residentes de geriatría y psiquiatría; alta despersonalización en hombres; baja despersonalización en residentes de geriatría y medicina familiar así como en personas unidas; bajos niveles de realización personal en personas unidas; el síndrome de desgaste como tal fue mayor en mujeres, que cursaban el tercer año, sujetos unidos, personas con hijos, menores de 30 años y residentes de las especialidades médicas. Adicionalmente se validó la utilización de la escala en Costa Rica. Conclusión: existen subgrupos de médicos residentes que se encuentran en riesgo de presentar el síndrome de desgaste profesional o elevadas puntuaciones en algunas de sus 3 dimensiones. Algunos de ellos podrían ser propios del personal que mantiene una carga académica y laboral al mismo tiempo. Este hecho debe ser tomado en cuenta cuando se planifican las estrategias de bienestar mental en el sector salud.

Background and aim: to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the burnout syndrome in residency trainees in Costa Rica in 2007 and to validate the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (Spanish version). Materials and methods: The present is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. One hundred and 21 subjects were interviewed during the first and third year of specialization in anesthesiology, surgery and medical disciplines, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics and psychiatry. All of them completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (Spanish validated) and a socio-demographic questionnaire which included: medical specialty, residency center, sex, marriage status, number of children, age, number of on-call assignments per month and year of residency. Results: high levels of emotional exhaustion were found in women and pediatrics trainees; however the opposite was seen in those on-call 4 times a month on average, as well as in geriatrics and psychiatry residents. Depersonalization was elevated in men, but low in those living with someone, geriatrics and family medicine residents. Negative personal accomplishment was seen in those who lived with someone else. The Burnout Syndrome by itself was more frequent in women, third year residents, people living with someone else and with children, those below 30 years and those undergoing training in medical subspecialties. The inventory was validated for use its in Costa Rica. Conclusion: Subgroups undergoing residency training are at risk of developing Burnout Syndrome. Some of them could be related to the academic and occupational burden. When planning mental health strategies, this fact must be considered.

Síndrome de desgaste profesional en personal médico / Professional burnout syndrome in medical staff

El Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional es un trastorno adaptativo crónico caracterizado por una respuesta inapropiada a un estrés emocional que se presenta en diferentes campos laborales. Fue descrito por primera vez por Herbert Freudenberger en 1974, como un conjunto de síntomas inespecíficos que pueden aparecer en el trabajo producto de una exigencia laboral excesiva o de un afrontamiento inadecuado de las demandas sicológicas del trabajo, lo cual altera la calidad de vida de la persona, genera un deterioro físico y síquico, produciendo un efecto negativo en la calidad de la prestación de los servicios. El interés y difusión en el Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional, en el campo médico, surgió en la Sociedad Mexicana de Medicina de Emergencia, entre 1999 – 2002, al saber que el estrés físico y emocional es la segunda causa de abandono de la carrera entre los médicos especialistas en medicina de urgencia. El conocer y aceptar este síndrome permite mejorar las condiciones laborales de manera que el personal de salud se sienta a gusto en su trabajo mejorando su rendimiento y relaciones interpersonales con los pacientes, optimizando la calidad de atención.

The Professional Burnout Syndrome is a chronicle adaptive disorder characterized by an inappropriate answer to emotional stress which occurs in different working environments. It was described at first by Herbert Freudenberger in 1974, as a set of unspecified systems that can appear at work as a result of excessive work demand or inadequate confrontation of work psychological demands at work, which alter the quality of life of the person, generating a psychical and physical deterioration, producing a negative effect in the quality of the services provided. The Burnout Syndrome interest and diffusion in the medical field, came up in the Mexican Society of Emergency Medicine, between 1999 – 2002, when it was known that emotional and physical stress is are the second cause of career drop out among specialists in emergency medicine. The knowledge and acceptance of this syndrome leads to the improvement of working conditions so as the health staff would feel comfortable in their job improving their performance and interpersonal relationships with patients, optimizing the quality of attention.

Burnout: síndrome de quemarse en el trabajo (SQT) / Burnout: Syndrome of Burning Oneself out at Work (SBW)

El objetivo de la siguiente revisión de la literatura es presentar una aproximación sobre el concepto de Burnout o Síndrome de Quemarse en el Trabajo (SQT) remontándose en primera instancia a las teorías del estrés y las estrategias de afrontamiento hasta llegar al concepto del estrés laboral que da curso al surgimiento del Burnout como "proceso". Por consiguiente se hace mención de las dimensiones que lo componen, como de la sintomatología física, emocional y conductual que se manifiesta en quienes padecen de este síndrome y las características organizacionales que pueden propiciarlo. Por último, se hace mención de algunos estudios sobre burnout en Colombia y los procesos de intervención respectivos.

The aim of the following review of the literature is to present an approach to the concept of Burnout or Burnout Syndrome. In the first instance, it goes back to the theories of stress and coping strategies and arrives at the concept of stress at work which in turn makes way to the emergence of Burnout as "process". Consequently, the dimensions that constitute this concept are mentioned along with the physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms present in those who suffer from this syndrome, as well as the organizational characteristics that can cause it. Lastly, some research studies carried in Colombia about Burnout and the respective intervention processes are also mentioned.